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+<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><title>Application Developer's Guide (6.0.39) - Deployment</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"><style type="text/css" media="print">
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+ </style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="../images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
+ The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
+ " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 6.0</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 6.0.39, Jan 27 2014</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="../images/asf-logo.gif" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap="nowrap" class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="../index.html">Docs Home</a></li></ul><p><strong>Contents</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Contents</a></li><li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="installation.html">Installation</a></li><li><a href="deployment.html">Deployment</a></li><li><a href="source.html">Source Code</a></li><li><a href="processes.html">Processes</a></li><li><a href="sample/">Example App</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Application Developer's Guide</h1><h2>Deployment</h2><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+<ul><li><a href="#Background">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Standard_Directory_Layout">Standard Directory Layout</a></li><li><a href="#Shared_Library_Files">Shared Library Files</a></li><li><a href="#Web_Application_Deployment_Descriptor">Web Application Deployment Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="#Tomcat_Context_Descriptor">Tomcat Context Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="#Deployment_With_Tomcat_6">Deployment With Tomcat 6</a></li></ul>
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Background"><strong>Background</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>Before describing how to organize your source code directories,
+it is useful to examine the runtime organization of a web application.
+Prior to the Servlet API Specification, version 2.2, there was little
+consistency between server platforms. However, servers that conform
+to the 2.2 (or later) specification are required to accept a
+<em>Web Application Archive</em> in a standard format, which is discussed
+further below.</p>
+
+<p>A web application is defined as a hierarchy of directories and files
+in a standard layout. Such a hierarchy can be accessed in its "unpacked"
+form, where each directory and file exists in the filesystem separately,
+or in a "packed" form known as a Web ARchive, or WAR file. The former format
+is more useful during development, while the latter is used when you
+distribute your application to be installed.</p>
+
+<p>The top-level directory of your web application hierarchy is also the
+<em>document root</em> of your application. Here, you will place the HTML
+files and JSP pages that comprise your application's user interface. When the
+system administrator deploys your application into a particular server, he
+or she assigns a <em>context path</em> to your application (a later section
+of this manual describes deployment on Tomcat). Thus, if the
+system administrator assigns your application to the context path
+<code>/catalog</code>, then a request URI referring to
+<code>/catalog/index.html</code> will retrieve the <code>index.html</code>
+file from your document root.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Standard Directory Layout"><!--()--></a><a name="Standard_Directory_Layout"><strong>Standard Directory Layout</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>To facilitate creation of a Web Application Archive file in the required
+format, it is convenient to arrange the "executable" files of your web
+application (that is, the files that Tomcat actually uses when executing
+your app) in the same organization as required by the WAR format itself.
+To do this, you will end up with the following contents in your
+application's "document root" directory:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>*.html, *.jsp, etc.</strong> - The HTML and JSP pages, along
+ with other files that must be visible to the client browser (such as
+ JavaScript, stylesheet files, and images) for your application.
+ In larger applications you may choose to divide these files into
+ a subdirectory hierarchy, but for smaller apps, it is generally
+ much simpler to maintain only a single directory for these files.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><strong>/WEB-INF/web.xml</strong> - The <em>Web Application Deployment
+ Descriptor</em> for your application. This is an XML file describing
+ the servlets and other components that make up your application,
+ along with any initialization parameters and container-managed
+ security constraints that you want the server to enforce for you.
+ This file is discussed in more detail in the following subsection.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><strong>/WEB-INF/classes/</strong> - This directory contains any Java
+ class files (and associated resources) required for your application,
+ including both servlet and non-servlet classes, that are not combined
+ into JAR files. If your classes are organized into Java packages,
+ you must reflect this in the directory hierarchy under
+ <code>/WEB-INF/classes/</code>. For example, a Java class named
+ <code>com.mycompany.mypackage.MyServlet</code>
+ would need to be stored in a file named
+ <code>/WEB-INF/classes/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyServlet.class</code>.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><strong>/WEB-INF/lib/</strong> - This directory contains JAR files that
+ contain Java class files (and associated resources) required for your
+ application, such as third party class libraries or JDBC drivers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>When you install an application into Tomcat (or any other
+2.2/2.3-compatible server), the classes in the <code>WEB-INF/classes/</code>
+directory, as well as all classes in JAR files found in the
+<code>WEB-INF/lib/</code> directory, are made visible to other classes
+within your particular web application. Thus, if
+you include all of the required library classes in one of these places (be
+sure to check licenses for redistribution rights for any third party libraries
+you utilize), you will simplify the installation of your web application --
+no adjustment to the system class path (or installation of global library
+files in your server) will be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Much of this information was extracted from Chapter 9 of the Servlet
+API Specification, version 2.3, which you should consult for more details.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Shared Library Files"><!--()--></a><a name="Shared_Library_Files"><strong>Shared Library Files</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>Like most servlet containers, Tomcat 6 also supports mechanisms to install
+library JAR files (or unpacked classes) once, and make them visible to all
+installed web applications (without having to be included inside the web
+application itself). The details of how Tomcat locates and shares such
+classes are described in the
+<a href="../class-loader-howto.html">Class Loader HOW-TO</a> documentation.
+The location commonly used within a Tomcat 6 installation for shared code is
+<strong>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</strong>. JAR files placed here are visible both to
+web applications and internal Tomcat code. This is a good place to put JDBC
+drivers that are required for both your application or internal Tomcat use
+(such as for a JDBCRealm).</p>
+
+<p>Out of the box, a standard Tomcat 6 installation includes a variety
+of pre-installed shared library files, including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The <em>Servlet 2.5</em> and <em>JSP 2.1</em> APIs that are fundamental
+ to writing servlets and JavaServer Pages.<br><br></li>
+</ul>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Web Application Deployment Descriptor"><!--()--></a><a name="Web_Application_Deployment_Descriptor"><strong>Web Application Deployment Descriptor</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>As mentioned above, the <code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file contains the
+Web Application Deployment Descriptor for your application. As the filename
+extension implies, this file is an XML document, and defines everything about
+your application that a server needs to know (except the <em>context path</em>,
+which is assigned by the system administrator when the application is
+deployed).</p>
+
+<p>The complete syntax and semantics for the deployment descriptor is defined
+in Chapter 13 of the Servlet API Specification, version 2.3. Over time, it
+is expected that development tools will be provided that create and edit the
+deployment descriptor for you. In the meantime, to provide a starting point,
+a <a href="web.xml.txt">basic web.xml file</a>
+is provided. This file includes comments that describe the purpose of each
+included element.</p>
+
+<p><strong>NOTE</strong> - The Servlet Specification includes a Document
+Type Descriptor (DTD) for the web application deployment descriptor, and
+Tomcat 6 enforces the rules defined here when processing your application's
+<code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file. In particular, you <strong>must</strong>
+enter your descriptor elements (such as <code><filter></code>,
+<code><servlet></code>, and <code><servlet-mapping></code> in
+the order defined by the DTD (see Section 13.3).</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Tomcat Context Descriptor"><!--()--></a><a name="Tomcat_Context_Descriptor"><strong>Tomcat Context Descriptor</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>A /META-INF/context.xml file can be used to define Tomcat specific
+configuration options, such as an access log, data sources, session manager
+configuration and more. This XML file must contain one Context element, which
+will be considered as if it was the child of the Host element corresponding
+to the Host to which the web application is being deployed. The
+<a href="../config/index.html">Tomcat configuration documentation</a> contains
+information on the Context element.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deployment With Tomcat 6"><!--()--></a><a name="Deployment_With_Tomcat_6"><strong>Deployment With Tomcat 6</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+ <blockquote><em>
+ <p>The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
+ base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
+ not configured Tomcat 6 for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
+ directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
+ the directory into which you have installed Tomcat 6.</p>
+ </em></blockquote>
+
+<p>In order to be executed, a web application must be deployed on
+a servlet container. This is true even during development.
+We will describe using Tomcat 6 to provide the execution environment.
+A web application can be deployed in Tomcat by one of the following
+approaches:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>Copy unpacked directory hierarchy into a subdirectory in directory
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/</code></em>. Tomcat will assign a
+ context path to your application based on the subdirectory name you
+ choose. We will use this technique in the <code>build.xml</code>
+ file that we construct, because it is the quickest and easiest approach
+ during development. Be sure to restart Tomcat after installing or
+ updating your application.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><em>Copy the web application archive file into directory
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/</code></em>. When Tomcat is started, it will
+ automatically expand the web application archive file into its unpacked
+ form, and execute the application that way. This approach would typically
+ be used to install an additional application, provided by a third party
+ vendor or by your internal development staff, into an existing
+ Tomcat installation. <strong>NOTE</strong> - If you use this approach,
+ and wish to update your application later, you must both replace the
+ web application archive file <strong>AND</strong> delete the expanded
+ directory that Tomcat created, and then restart Tomcat, in order to reflect
+ your changes.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><em>Use the Tomcat 6 "Manager" web application to deploy and undeploy
+ web applications</em>. Tomcat 6 includes a web application, deployed
+ by default on context path <code>/manager</code>, that allows you to
+ deploy and undeploy applications on a running Tomcat server without
+ restarting it. See the administrator documentation (TODO: hyperlink)
+ for more information on using the Manager web application.<br><br></li>
+<li><em>Use "Manager" Ant Tasks In Your Build Script</em>. Tomcat 6
+ includes a set of custom task definitions for the <code>Ant</code>
+ build tool that allow you to automate the execution of commands to the
+ "Manager" web application. These tasks are used in the Tomcat deployer.
+ <br><br></li>
+<li><em>Use the Tomcat Deployer</em>. Tomcat 6 includes a packaged tool
+ bundling the Ant tasks, and can be used to automatically precompile JSPs
+ which are part of the web application before deployment to the server.
+ <br><br></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Deploying your app on other servlet containers will be specific to each
+container, but all containers compatible with the Servlet API Specification
+(version 2.2 or later) are required to accept a web application archive file.
+Note that other containers are <strong>NOT</strong> required to accept an
+unpacked directory structure (as Tomcat does), or to provide mechanisms for
+shared library files, but these features are commonly available.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><!--FOOTER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"></td></tr><!--PAGE FOOTER--><tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center"><font color="#525D76" size="-1"><em>
+ Copyright © 1999-2014, Apache Software Foundation
+ </em></font></div></td></tr></table></body></html>
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