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+<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><title>Apache Tomcat 6.0 (6.0.39) - Realm Configuration HOW-TO</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"><meta name="author" content="Yoav Shapira"><meta name="author" content="Andrew R. Jaquith"><style type="text/css" media="print">
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+ </style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="./images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
+ The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
+ " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 6.0</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 6.0.39, Jan 27 2014</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="./images/asf-logo.gif" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap="nowrap" class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li></ul><p><strong>User Guide</strong></p><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">6) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">7) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">8) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">9) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">10) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">11) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">12) SSL</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">13) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">14) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">15) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptor-howto.html">16) MBean Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">17) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">18) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">19) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">20) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">21) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">22) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">23) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">24) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">25) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">26) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">27) Mavenized</a></li></ul><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul><p><strong>Apache Tomcat Development</strong></p><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Apache Tomcat 6.0</h1><h2>Realm Configuration HOW-TO</h2><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+<ul><li><a href="#Quick_Start">Quick Start</a></li><li><a href="#Overview">Overview</a><ol><li><a href="#What_is_a_Realm?">What is a Realm?</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">Configuring a Realm</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Common_Features">Common Features</a><ol><li><a href="#Digested_Passwords">Digested Passwords</a></li><li><a href="#Example_Application">Example Application</a></li><li><a href="#Manager_Application">Manager Application</a></li><li><a href="#Realm_Logging">Realm Logging</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Standard_Realm_Implementations">Standard Realm Implementations</a><ol><li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a></li><li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a></li><li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a></li><li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a></li><li><a href="#CombinedRealm">CombinedRealm</a></li><li><a href="#LockOutRealm">LockOutRealm</a></li></ol></li></ul>
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Quick Start"><!--()--></a><a name="Quick_Start"><strong>Quick Start</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>This document describes how to configure Tomcat to support <em>container
+managed security</em>, by connecting to an existing "database" of usernames,
+passwords, and user roles. You only need to care about this if you are using
+a web application that includes one or more
+<code><security-constraint></code> elements, and a
+<code><login-config></code> element defining how users are required
+to authenticate themselves. If you are not utilizing these features, you can
+safely skip this document.</p>
+
+<p>For fundamental background information about container managed security,
+see the <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet
+Specification (Version 2.4)</a>, Section 12.</p>
+
+<p>For information about utilizing the <em>Single Sign On</em> feature of
+Tomcat 6 (allowing a user to authenticate themselves once across the entire
+set of web applications associated with a virtual host), see
+<a href="config/host.html#Single Sign On">here</a>.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Overview"><strong>Overview</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="What is a Realm?"><!--()--></a><a name="What_is_a_Realm?"><strong>What is a Realm?</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>A <strong>Realm</strong> is a "database" of usernames and passwords that
+identify valid users of a web application (or set of web applications), plus
+an enumeration of the list of <em>roles</em> associated with each valid user.
+You can think of roles as similar to <em>groups</em> in Unix-like operating
+systems, because access to specific web application resources is granted to
+all users possessing a particular role (rather than enumerating the list of
+associated usernames). A particular user can have any number of roles
+associated with their username.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Servlet Specification describes a portable mechanism for
+applications to <em>declare</em> their security requirements (in the
+<code>web.xml</code> deployment descriptor), there is no portable API
+defining the interface between a servlet container and the associated user
+and role information. In many cases, however, it is desirable to "connect"
+a servlet container to some existing authentication database or mechanism
+that already exists in the production environment. Therefore, Tomcat 6
+defines a Java interface (<code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>) that
+can be implemented by "plug in" components to establish this connection.
+Five standard plug-ins are provided, supporting connections to various
+sources of authentication information:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
+ stored in a relational database, accessed via a JDBC driver.</li>
+<li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
+ information stored in a relational database, accessed via a named JNDI
+ JDBC DataSource.</li>
+<li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
+ stored in an LDAP based directory server, accessed via a JNDI provider.
+ </li>
+<li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
+ information stored in an UserDatabase JNDI resource, which is typically
+ backed by an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
+<li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
+ information stored in an in-memory object collection, which is initialized
+ from an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
+<li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
+ through the Java Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS)
+ framework.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It is also possible to write your own <code>Realm</code> implementation,
+and integrate it with Tomcat 6. To do so, you need to:
+<ul>
+ <li>Implement <code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>,</li>
+ <li>Place your compiled realm in $CATALINA_HOME/lib,</li>
+ <li>Declare your realm as described in the "Configuring a Realm" section below,</li>
+ <li>Declare your realm to the <a href="mbeans-descriptor-howto.html">MBeans Descriptor</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Configuring a Realm"><!--()--></a><a name="Configuring_a_Realm"><strong>Configuring a Realm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>Before getting into the details of the standard Realm implementations, it is
+important to understand, in general terms, how a Realm is configured. In
+general, you will be adding an XML element to your <code>conf/server.xml</code>
+configuration file, that looks something like this:</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="... class name for this implementation"
+ ... other attributes for this implementation .../>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>The <code><Realm></code> element can be nested inside any one of
+of the following <code>Container</code> elements. The location of the
+Realm element has a direct impact on the "scope" of that Realm
+(i.e. which web applications will share the same authentication information):
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>Inside an <Engine> element</em> - This Realm will be shared
+ across ALL web applications on ALL virtual hosts, UNLESS it is overridden
+ by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Host></code>
+ or <code><Context></code> element.</li>
+<li><em>Inside a <Host> element</em> - This Realm will be shared across
+ ALL web applications for THIS virtual host, UNLESS it is overridden
+ by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Context></code>
+ element.</li>
+<li><em>Inside a <Context> element</em> - This Realm will be used ONLY
+ for THIS web application.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Common Features"><!--()--></a><a name="Common_Features"><strong>Common Features</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Digested Passwords"><!--()--></a><a name="Digested_Passwords"><strong>Digested Passwords</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>For each of the standard <code>Realm</code> implementations, the
+user's password (by default) is stored in clear text. In many
+environments, this is undesirable because casual observers of the
+authentication data can collect enough information to log on
+successfully, and impersonate other users. To avoid this problem, the
+standard implementations support the concept of <em>digesting</em>
+user passwords. This allows the stored version of the passwords to be
+encoded (in a form that is not easily reversible), but that the
+<code>Realm</code> implementation can still utilize for
+authentication.</p>
+
+<p>When a standard realm authenticates by retrieving the stored
+password and comparing it with the value presented by the user, you
+can select digested passwords by specifying the <code>digest</code>
+attribute on your <code><Realm></code> element. The value for
+this attribute must be one of the digest algorithms supported by the
+<code>java.security.MessageDigest</code> class (SHA, MD2, or MD5).
+When you select this option, the contents of the password that is
+stored in the <code>Realm</code> must be the cleartext version of the
+password, as digested by the specified algorithm.</p>
+
+<p>When the <code>authenticate()</code> method of the Realm is called, the
+(cleartext) password specified by the user is itself digested by the same
+algorithm, and the result is compared with the value returned by the
+<code>Realm</code>. An equal match implies that the cleartext version of the
+original password is the same as the one presented by the user, so that this
+user should be authorized.</p>
+
+<p>To calculate the digested value of a cleartext password, two convenience
+techniques are supported:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>If you are writing an application that needs to calculate digested
+ passwords dynamically, call the static <code>Digest()</code> method of the
+ <code>org.apache.catalina.realm.RealmBase</code> class, passing the
+ cleartext password and the digest algorithm name as arguments. This
+ method will return the digested password.</li>
+<li>If you want to execute a command line utility to calculate the digested
+ password, simply execute
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+java org.apache.catalina.realm.RealmBase \
+ -a {algorithm} {cleartext-password}
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+ and the digested version of this cleartext password will be returned to
+ standard output.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If using digested passwords with DIGEST authentication, the cleartext used
+ to generate the digest is different and the digest must use the MD5
+ algorithm. In the examples above <code>{cleartext-password}</code> must be
+ replaced with <code>{username}:{realm}:{cleartext-password}</code>. For
+ example, in a development environment this might take the form
+ <code>testUser:Authentication required:testPassword</code>. The value for
+ <code>{realm}</code> is taken from the <code><realm-name></code>
+ element of the web application's <code><login-config></code>. If
+ not specified in web.xml, the default value of <code>Authentication
+ required</code> is used.</p>
+
+<p>To use either of the above techniques, the
+<code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib/catalina.jar</code> and
+<code>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</code> files will need to be
+on your class path to make the <code>RealmBase</code> class available.
+</p>
+
+<p>Non-ASCII usernames and/or passwords are supported using
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>java org.apache.catalina.realm.RealmBase \
+ -a {algorithm} -e {encoding} {input}
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+but care is required to ensure that the non-ASCII input is
+correctly passed to the digester.
+The digester returns <code>{input}:{digest}</code>. If the input appears
+corrupted in the return, the digest will be invalid.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Example Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Example_Application"><strong>Example Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>The example application shipped with Tomcat 6 includes an area that is
+protected by a security constraint, utilizing form-based login. To access it,
+point your browser at
+<a href="http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/">http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/</a>
+and log on with one of the usernames and passwords described for the default
+<a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a>.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Manager Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Manager_Application"><strong>Manager Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>If you wish to use the <a href="manager-howto.html">Manager Application</a>
+to deploy and undeploy applications in a running Tomcat installation, you
+MUST add the "manager-gui" role to at least one username in your selected
+Realm implementation. This is because the manager web application itself uses a
+security constraint that requires role "manager-gui" to access ANY request URI
+within the HTML interface of that application.</p>
+
+<p>For security reasons, no username in the default Realm (i.e. using
+<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> is assigned the "manager-gui" role.
+Therefore, no one will be able to utilize the features of this application
+until the Tomcat administrator specifically assigns this role to one or more
+users.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Realm Logging"><!--()--></a><a name="Realm_Logging"><strong>Realm Logging</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<p>Debugging and exception messages logged by a <code>Realm</code> will
+ be recorded by the logging configuration associated with the container
+ for the realm: its surrounding <a href="config/context.html">Context</a>,
+ <a href="config/host.html">Host</a>, or
+ <a href="config/engine.html">Engine</a>.</p>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Standard Realm Implementations"><!--()--></a><a name="Standard_Realm_Implementations"><strong>Standard Realm Implementations</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JDBCRealm"><strong>JDBCRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JDBCRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
+accessed via a JDBC driver. There is substantial configuration flexibility
+that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long as your
+database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
+ that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
+ should recognize.</li>
+<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
+ contain more if your existing applications required it):
+ <ul>
+ <li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
+ <li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
+ This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
+ information.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
+ that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
+ particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
+ one valid role.</li>
+<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
+ contain more if your existing applications required it):
+ <ul>
+ <li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
+ in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
+ <li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Quick Start</h3>
+
+<p>To set up Tomcat to use JDBCRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
+ that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
+<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
+ at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
+ never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
+<li>Place a copy of the JDBC driver you will be using inside the
+ <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code> directory.
+ Note that <strong>only</strong> JAR files are recognized!</li>
+<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
+<li>Restart Tomcat 6 if it is already running.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+
+<p>To configure JDBCRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
+element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
+as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
+JDBCRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
+documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
+like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+create table users (
+ user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
+ user_pass varchar(15) not null
+);
+
+create table user_roles (
+ user_name varchar(15) not null,
+ role_name varchar(15) not null,
+ primary key (user_name, role_name)
+);
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>Example <code>Realm</code> elements are included (commented out) in the
+default <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file. Here's an example
+for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured with the tables
+described above, and accessed with username "dbuser" and password "dbpass":</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JDBCRealm"
+ driverName="org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"
+ connectionURL="jdbc:mysql://localhost/authority?user=dbuser&amp;password=dbpass"
+ userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
+ userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+
+<p>JDBCRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
+ Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
+ <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
+ directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
+ reflected.</li>
+<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
+ roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
+ (For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
+ is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
+ closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
+ restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
+ information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
+ reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
+<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
+ table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
+ provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="DataSourceRealm"><strong>DataSourceRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><strong>DataSourceRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
+accessed via a JNDI named JDBC DataSource. There is substantial configuration
+flexibility that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long
+as your database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
+ that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
+ should recognize.</li>
+<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
+ contain more if your existing applications required it):
+ <ul>
+ <li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
+ <li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
+ This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
+ information.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
+ that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
+ particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
+ one valid role.</li>
+<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
+ contain more if your existing applications required it):
+ <ul>
+ <li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
+ in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
+ <li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Quick Start</h3>
+
+<p>To set up Tomcat to use DataSourceRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
+ that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
+<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
+ at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
+ never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
+<li>Configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource for your database. Refer to the
+ <a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">JNDI DataSource Example HOW-TO</a>
+ for information on how to configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource.</li>
+<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
+<li>Restart Tomcat 6 if it is already running.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+
+<p>To configure DataSourceRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
+element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
+as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
+DataSourceRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
+configuration documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
+like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+create table users (
+ user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
+ user_pass varchar(15) not null
+);
+
+create table user_roles (
+ user_name varchar(15) not null,
+ role_name varchar(15) not null,
+ primary key (user_name, role_name)
+);
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>Here is an example for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured
+with the tables described above, and accessed with the JNDI JDBC DataSource with
+name "java:/comp/env/jdbc/authority".</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
+ dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
+ userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
+ userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+
+<p>DataSourceRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
+ Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
+ <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
+ directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
+ reflected.</li>
+<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
+ roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
+ (For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
+ is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
+ closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
+ restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
+ information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
+ reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
+<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
+ table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
+ provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JNDIRealm"><strong>JNDIRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JNDIRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in an LDAP directory
+server accessed by a JNDI provider (typically, the standard LDAP
+provider that is available with the JNDI API classes). The realm
+supports a variety of approaches to using a directory for
+authentication.</p>
+
+<h4>Connecting to the directory</h4>
+
+<p>The realm's connection to the directory is defined by the
+<strong>connectionURL</strong> configuration attribute. This is a URL
+whose format is defined by the JNDI provider. It is usually an LDAP
+URL that specifies the domain name of the directory server to connect
+to, and optionally the port number and distinguished name (DN) of the
+required root naming context.</p>
+
+<p>If you have more than one provider you can configure an
+<strong>alternateURL</strong>. If a socket connection can not be
+made to the provider at the <strong>connectionURL</strong> an
+attempt will be made to use the <strong>alternateURL</strong>.</p>
+
+<p>When making a connection in order to search the directory and
+retrieve user and role information, the realm authenticates itself to
+the directory with the username and password specified by the
+<strong>connectionName</strong> and
+<strong>connectionPassword</strong> properties. If these properties
+are not specified the connection is anonymous. This is sufficient in
+many cases.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>Selecting the user's directory entry</h4>
+
+<p>Each user that can be authenticated must be represented in the
+directory by an individual entry that corresponds to an element in the
+initial <code>DirContext</code> defined by the
+<strong>connectionURL</strong> attribute. This user entry must have an
+attribute containing the username that is presented for
+authentication.</p>
+
+<p>Often the distinguished name of the user's entry contains the
+username presented for authentication but is otherwise the same for
+all users. In this case the <strong>userPattern</strong> attribute may
+be used to specify the DN, with "{0}" marking where
+the username should be substituted.</p>
+
+<p>Otherwise the realm must search the directory to find a unique entry
+containing the username. The following attributes configure this
+search:
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><strong>userBase</strong> - the entry that is the base of
+ the subtree containing users. If not specified, the search
+ base is the top-level context.</li>
+
+ <li><strong>userSubtree</strong> - the search scope. Set to
+ <code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire subtree
+ rooted at the <strong>userBase</strong> entry. The default value
+ of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
+ including only the top level.</li>
+
+ <li><strong>userSearch</strong> - pattern specifying the LDAP
+ search filter to use after substitution of the username.</li>
+
+ </ul>
+</p>
+
+
+<h4>Authenticating the user</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><b>Bind mode</b></p>
+
+<p>By default the realm authenticates a user by binding to
+the directory with the DN of the entry for that user and the password
+presented by the user. If this simple bind succeeds the user is considered to
+be authenticated.</p>
+
+<p>For security reasons a directory may store a digest of the user's
+password rather than the clear text version (see <a href="#Digested Passwords">Digested Passwords</a> for more information). In that case,
+as part of the simple bind operation the directory automatically
+computes the correct digest of the plaintext password presented by the
+user before validating it against the stored value. In bind mode,
+therefore, the realm is not involved in digest processing. The
+<strong>digest</strong> attribute is not used, and will be ignored if
+set.</p>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<p><b>Comparison mode</b></p>
+<p>Alternatively, the realm may retrieve the stored
+password from the directory and compare it explicitly with the value
+presented by the user. This mode is configured by setting the
+<strong>userPassword</strong> attribute to the name of a directory
+attribute in the user's entry that contains the password.</p>
+
+<p>Comparison mode has some disadvantages. First, the
+<strong>connectionName</strong> and
+<strong>connectionPassword</strong> attributes must be configured to
+allow the realm to read users' passwords in the directory. For
+security reasons this is generally undesirable; indeed many directory
+implementations will not allow even the directory manager to read
+these passwords. In addition, the realm must handle password digests
+itself, including variations in the algorithms used and ways of
+representing password hashes in the directory. However, the realm may
+sometimes need access to the stored password, for example to support
+HTTP Digest Access Authentication (RFC 2069). (Note that HTTP digest
+authentication is different from the storage of password digests in
+the repository for user information as discussed above).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>Assigning roles to the user</h4>
+
+<p>The directory realm supports two approaches to the representation
+of roles in the directory:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><b>Roles as explicit directory entries</b></p>
+
+<p>Roles may be represented by explicit directory entries. A role
+entry is usually an LDAP group entry with one attribute
+containing the name of the role and another whose values are the
+distinguished names or usernames of the users in that role. The
+following attributes configure a directory search to
+find the names of roles associated with the authenticated user:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>roleBase</strong> - the base entry for the role search.
+ If not specified, the search base is the top-level directory
+ context.</li>
+
+<li><strong>roleSubtree</strong> - the search
+ scope. Set to <code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire
+ subtree rooted at the <code>roleBase</code> entry. The default
+ value of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
+ including the top level only.</li>
+
+<li><strong>roleSearch</strong> - the LDAP search filter for
+ selecting role entries. It optionally includes pattern
+ replacements "{0}" for the distinguished name and/or "{1}" for the
+ username of the authenticated user.</li>
+
+<li><strong>roleName</strong> - the attribute in a role entry
+ containing the name of that role.</li>
+
+<li><strong>roleNested</strong> - enable nested roles. Set to
+ <code>true</code> if you want to nest roles in roles. If configured
+ every newly found roleName and distinguished
+ Name will be recursively tried for a new role search.
+ The default value is <code>false</code>.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><b>Roles as an attribute of the user entry</b></p>
+
+<p>Role names may also be held as the values of an attribute in the
+user's directory entry. Use <strong>userRoleName</strong> to specify
+the name of this attribute.</p>
+
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A combination of both approaches to role representation may be used.</p>
+
+<h3>Quick Start</h3>
+
+<p>To set up Tomcat to use JNDIRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Make sure your directory server is configured with a schema that matches
+ the requirements listed above.</li>
+<li>If required, configure a username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
+ read only access to the information described above. (Tomcat will
+ never attempt to modify this information.)</li>
+<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
+<li>Restart Tomcat 6 if it is already running.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+
+<p>To configure JNDIRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
+element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
+as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
+JNDIRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
+documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>Creation of the appropriate schema in your directory server is beyond the
+scope of this document, because it is unique to each directory server
+implementation. In the examples below, we will assume that you are using a
+distribution of the OpenLDAP directory server (version 2.0.11 or later), which
+can be downloaded from
+<a href="http://www.openldap.org">http://www.openldap.org</a>. Assume that
+your <code>slapd.conf</code> file contains the following settings
+(among others):</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+database ldbm
+suffix dc="mycompany",dc="com"
+rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+rootpw secret
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>We will assume for <code>connectionURL</code> that the directory
+server runs on the same machine as Tomcat. See <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/jndi/docs.html">http://java.sun.com/products/jndi/docs.html</a>
+for more information about configuring and using the JNDI LDAP
+provider.</p>
+
+<p>Next, assume that this directory server has been populated with elements
+as shown below (in LDIF format):</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+
+# Define top-level entry
+dn: dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: dcObject
+dc:mycompany
+
+# Define an entry to contain people
+# searches for users are based on this entry
+dn: ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: organizationalUnit
+ou: people
+
+# Define a user entry for Janet Jones
+dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: inetOrgPerson
+uid: jjones
+sn: jones
+cn: janet jones
+mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
+userPassword: janet
+
+# Define a user entry for Fred Bloggs
+dn: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: inetOrgPerson
+uid: fbloggs
+sn: bloggs
+cn: fred bloggs
+mail: f.bloggs@mycompany.com
+userPassword: fred
+
+# Define an entry to contain LDAP groups
+# searches for roles are based on this entry
+dn: ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: organizationalUnit
+ou: groups
+
+# Define an entry for the "tomcat" role
+dn: cn=tomcat,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
+cn: tomcat
+uniqueMember: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+
+# Define an entry for the "role1" role
+dn: cn=role1,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
+cn: role1
+uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>An example <code>Realm</code> element for the OpenLDAP directory
+server configured as described above might look like this, assuming
+that users use their uid (e.g. jjones) to login to the
+application and that an anonymous connection is sufficient to search
+the directory and retrieve role information:</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
+ connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
+ userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ roleName="cn"
+ roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
+/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>With this configuration, the realm will determine the user's
+distinguished name by substituting the username into the
+<code>userPattern</code>, authenticate by binding to the directory
+with this DN and the password received from the user, and search the
+directory to find the user's roles.</p>
+
+<p>Now suppose that users are expected to enter their email address
+rather than their userid when logging in. In this case the realm must
+search the directory for the user's entry. (A search is also necessary
+when user entries are held in multiple subtrees corresponding perhaps
+to different organizational units or company locations).</p>
+
+<p>Further, suppose that in addition to the group entries you want to
+use an attribute of the user's entry to hold roles. Now the entry for
+Janet Jones might read as follows:</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
+objectClass: inetOrgPerson
+uid: jjones
+sn: jones
+cn: janet jones
+mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
+memberOf: role2
+memberOf: role3
+userPassword: janet
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p> This realm configuration would satisfy the new requirements:</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
+ connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
+ userBase="ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ userSearch="(mail={0})"
+ userRoleName="memberOf"
+ roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ roleName="cn"
+ roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
+/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>Now when Janet Jones logs in as "j.jones@mycompany.com", the realm
+searches the directory for a unique entry with that value as its mail
+attribute and attempts to bind to the directory as
+<code>uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com</code> with the given
+password. If authentication succeeds, she is assigned three roles:
+"role2" and "role3", the values of the "memberOf" attribute in her
+directory entry, and "tomcat", the value of the "cn" attribute in the
+only group entry of which she is a member.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, to authenticate the user by retrieving
+the password from the directory and making a local comparison in the
+realm, you might use a realm configuration like this:</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
+ connectionName="cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+connectionPassword="secret"
+ connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
+ userPassword="userPassword"
+ userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
+ roleName="cn"
+ roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
+/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>However, as discussed above, the default bind mode for
+authentication is usually to be preferred.</p>
+
+<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+
+<p>JNDIRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
+ Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
+ <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the directory
+ (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
+ reflected.</li>
+<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
+ roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
+ (For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
+ is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
+ closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
+ restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the directory
+ information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
+ reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
+<li>Administering the information in the directory server
+ is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
+ provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="UserDatabaseRealm"><strong>UserDatabaseRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><strong>UserDatabaseRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+<code>Realm</code> interface that uses a JNDI resource to store user
+information. By default, the JNDI resource is backed by an XML file. It is not
+designed for large-scale production use. At startup time, the UserDatabaseRealm
+loads information about all users, and their corresponding roles, from an XML
+document (by default, this document is loaded from
+<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). The users, their passwords
+and their roles may all be editing dynamically, typically via JMX. Changes may
+be saved and will be reflected in the XML file.</p>
+
+<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+
+<p>To configure UserDatabaseRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
+element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
+as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
+UserDatabaseRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
+configuration documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>User File Format</h3>
+
+<p>The users file uses the same format as the
+<a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>The default installation of Tomcat 6 is configured with a UserDatabaseRealm
+nested inside the <code><Engine></code> element, so that it applies
+to all virtual hosts and web applications. The default contents of the
+<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> file is:</p>
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<tomcat-users>
+ <user name="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat" />
+ <user name="role1" password="tomcat" roles="role1" />
+ <user name="both" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat,role1" />
+</tomcat-users>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+
+<p>UserDatabaseRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
+ associated information from the users file. Changes made to the data in
+ this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
+ restarted. Changes may be made via the UserDatabase resource. Tomcat
+ provides MBeans that may be accessed via JMX for this purpose.</li>
+<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
+ Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
+ <code>Realm</code>.</li>
+<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
+ roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
+ (For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
+ is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
+ closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
+ restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="MemoryRealm"><strong>MemoryRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><strong>MemoryRealm</strong> is a simple demonstration implementation of the
+Tomcat 6 <code>Realm</code> interface. It is not designed for production use.
+At startup time, MemoryRealm loads information about all users, and their
+corresponding roles, from an XML document (by default, this document is loaded
+from <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). Changes to the data
+in this file are not recognized until Tomcat is restarted.</p>
+
+<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+
+<p>To configure MemoryRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
+element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
+as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
+MemoryRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
+configuration documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>User File Format</h3>
+
+<p>The users file (by default, <code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> must be an
+XML document, with a root element <code><tomcat-users></code>. Nested
+inside the root element will be a <code><user></code> element for each
+valid user, consisting of the following attributes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>name</strong> - Username this user must log on with.</li>
+<li><strong>password</strong> - Password this user must log on with (in
+ clear text if the <code>digest</code> attribute was not set on the
+ <code><Realm></code> element, or digested appropriately as
+ described <a href="#Digested Passwords">here</a> otherwise).</li>
+<li><strong>roles</strong> - Comma-delimited list of the role names
+ associated with this user.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+
+<p>MemoryRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
+ associated information from the users file. Changes to the data in
+ this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
+ restarted.</li>
+<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
+ Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
+ <code>Realm</code>.</li>
+<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
+ roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
+ (For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
+ is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
+ closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
+ restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
+<li>Administering the information in the users file is the responsibility
+ of your application. Tomcat does not
+ provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JAASRealm"><strong>JAASRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+ <p><strong>JAASRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
+6 <code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through the Java
+Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS) framework which is now
+provided as part of the standard J2SE API.</p>
+ <p>Using JAASRealm gives the developer the ability to combine
+practically any conceivable security realm with Tomcat's CMA. </p>
+ <p>JAASRealm is prototype for Tomcat of the JAAS-based
+J2EE authentication framework for J2EE v1.4, based on the <a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=196">JCP Specification
+Request 196</a> to enhance container-managed security and promote
+'pluggable' authentication mechanisms whose implementations would be
+container-independent.
+ </p>
+ <p>Based on the JAAS login module and principal (see <code>javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule</code>
+and <code>javax.security.Principal</code>), you can develop your own
+security mechanism or wrap another third-party mechanism for
+integration with the CMA as implemented by Tomcat.
+ </p>
+
+ <h3>Quick Start</h3>
+ <p>To set up Tomcat to use JAASRealm with your own JAAS login module,
+ you will need to follow these steps:</p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Write your own LoginModule, User and Role classes based
+on JAAS (see
+<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/tutorials/GeneralAcnOnly.html">the
+JAAS Authentication Tutorial</a> and
+<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/JAASLMDevGuide.html">the JAAS Login Module
+Developer's Guide</a>) to be managed by the JAAS Login
+Context (<code>javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext</code>)
+When developing your LoginModule, note that JAASRealm's built-in <code>CallbackHandler</code>
+only recognizes the <code>NameCallback</code> and <code>PasswordCallback</code> at present.
+ </li>
+ <li>Although not specified in JAAS, you should create
+seperate classes to distinguish between users and roles, extending <code>javax.security.Principal</code>,
+so that Tomcat can tell which Principals returned from your login
+module are users and which are roles (see <code>org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm</code>).
+Regardless, the first Principal returned is <em>always</em> treated as the user Principal.
+ </li>
+ <li>Place the compiled classes on Tomcat's classpath
+ </li>
+ <li>Set up a login.config file for Java (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/tutorials/LoginConfigFile.html">JAAS
+LoginConfig file</a>) and tell Tomcat where to find it by specifying
+its location to the JVM, for instance by setting the environment
+variable: <code>JAVA_OPTS=$JAVA_OPTS -Djava.security.auth.login.config==$CATALINA_BASE/conf/jaas.config</code></li>
+
+ <li>Configure your security-constraints in your web.xml for
+the resources you want to protect</li>
+ <li>Configure the JAASRealm module in your server.xml </li>
+ <li>Restart Tomcat 6 if it is already running.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+ <p>To configure JAASRealm as for step 6 above, you create
+a <code><Realm></code> element and nest it in your
+<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
+file within your <code><Engine></code> node. The attributes for the
+JAASRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
+configuration documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look.</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm"
+ appName="MyFooRealm"
+ userClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooUser"
+ roleClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooRole"/>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>It is the responsibility of your login module to create and save User and
+Role objects representing Principals for the user
+(<code>javax.security.auth.Subject</code>). If your login module doesn't
+create a user object but also doesn't throw a login exception, then the
+Tomcat CMA will break and you will be left at the
+http://localhost:8080/myapp/j_security_check URI or at some other
+unspecified location.</p>
+
+ <p>The flexibility of the JAAS approach is two-fold: </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>you can carry out whatever processing you require behind
+the scenes in your own login module.</li>
+ <li>you can plug in a completely different LoginModule by changing the configuration
+and restarting the server, without any code changes to your application.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h3>Additional Notes</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for
+ the first time, Tomcat 6 will call the <code>authenticate()</code>
+ method of this <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made in
+ the security mechanism directly (new users, changed passwords or
+ roles, etc.) will be immediately reflected.</li>
+ <li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or
+ her associated roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of
+ the user's login. For FORM-based authentication, that means until
+ the session times out or is invalidated; for BASIC authentication,
+ that means until the user closes their browser. Any changes to the
+ security information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong>
+ be reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
+ <li>As with other <code>Realm</code> implementations, digested passwords
+ are supported if the <code><Realm></code> element in <code>server.xml</code>
+ contains a <code>digest</code> attribute; JAASRealm's <code>CallbackHandler</code>
+ will digest the password prior to passing it back to the <code>LoginModule</code></li>
+ </ul>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="CombinedRealm"><strong>CombinedRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+ <h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+ <p><strong>CombinedRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+ <code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through one or more
+ sub-Realms.</p>
+
+ <p>Using CombinedRealm gives the developer the ability to combine multiple
+ Realms of the same or different types. This can be used to authenticate
+ against different sources, provide fall back in case one Realm fails or for
+ any other purpose that requires multiple Realms.</p>
+
+ <p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
+ <code>Realm</code> element that defines the CombinedRealm. Authentication
+ will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
+ listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
+ the user.</p>
+
+ <h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+ <p>To configure a CombinedRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
+ element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
+ file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
+ You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
+ <code>context.xml</code> file.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to use a
+UserDatabase Realm and a DataSource Realm.</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.CombinedRealm" >
+ <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
+ resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
+ <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
+ dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
+ userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
+ userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
+</Realm>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="LockOutRealm"><strong>LockOutRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+
+ <h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+ <p><strong>LockOutRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat 6
+ <code>Realm</code> interface that extends the CombinedRealm to provide lock
+ out functionality to provide a user lock out mechanism if there are too many
+ failed authentication attempts in a given period of time.</p>
+
+ <p>To ensure correct operation, there is a reasonable degree of
+ synchronisation in this Realm.</p>
+
+ <p>This Realm does not require modification to the underlying Realms or the
+ associated user storage mechanisms. It achieves this by recording all failed
+ logins, including those for users that do not exist. To prevent a DOS by
+ deliberating making requests with invalid users (and hence causing this
+ cache to grow) the size of the list of users that have failed authentication
+ is limited.</p>
+
+ <p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
+ <code>Realm</code> element that defines the LockOutRealm. Authentication
+ will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
+ listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
+ the user.</p>
+
+ <h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
+ <p>To configure a LockOutRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
+ element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
+ file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
+ You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
+ <code>context.xml</code> file. The attributes for the
+ LockOutRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
+ configuration documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>Example</h3>
+
+<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to add lock out
+functionality to a UserDatabase Realm.</p>
+
+<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
+<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm" >
+ <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
+ resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
+</Realm>
+</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table>
+
+</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><!--FOOTER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"></td></tr><!--PAGE FOOTER--><tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center"><font color="#525D76" size="-1"><em>
+ Copyright © 1999-2014, Apache Software Foundation
+ </em></font></div></td></tr></table></body></html>
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