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+ </style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="./images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
+ The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
+ " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.42, Jul 2 2013</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="./images/asf-logo.gif" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>User Guide</strong></p><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">6) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">7) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">8) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">9) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">10) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">11) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">12) SSL</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">13) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">14) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">15) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptor-howto.html">16) MBean Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">17) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">18) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">19) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">20) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">21) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">22) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">23) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">24) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">25) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">26) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">27) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="security-howto.html">28) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="windows-service-howto.html">29) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="windows-auth-howto.html">30) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="jdbc-pool.html">31) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="web-socket-howto.html">32) WebSocket</a></li></ul><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="servletapi/index.html">Servlet Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="elapi/index.html">EL 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul><p><strong>Apache Tomcat Development</strong></p><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li><li><a href="tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Tomcat Web Application Deployment</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+<ul><li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li><li><a href="#A_word_on_Contexts">A word on Contexts</a></li><li><a href="#Deployment_on_Tomcat_startup">Deployment on Tomcat startup</a></li><li><a href="#Deploying_on_a_running_Tomcat_server">Deploying on a running Tomcat server</a></li><li><a href="#Deploying_using_the_Tomcat_Manager">Deploying using the Tomcat Manager</a></li><li><a href="#Deploying_using_the_Client_Deployer_Package">Deploying using the Client Deployer Package</a></li></ul>
+</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Introduction"><strong>Introduction</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ Deployment is the term used for the process of installing a web
+ application (either a 3rd party WAR or your own custom web application)
+ into the Tomcat server.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Web application deployment may be accomplished in a number of ways
+ within the Tomcat server.</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Statically; the web application is setup before Tomcat is started</li>
+ <li>
+ Dynamically; by directly manipulating already deployed web
+ applications (relying on <em>auto-deployment</em>
+ feature) or remotely by using the Tomcat Manager web
+ application
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ The <a href="manager-howto.html">Tomcat Manager</a> is a web
+ application that can be used interactively (via HTML GUI) or
+ programmatically (via URL-based API) to deploy and manage web
+ applications.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ There are a number of ways to perform deployment that rely on
+ the Manager web application. Apache Tomcat provides tasks
+ for Apache Ant build tool.
+ <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/maven-plugin.html">Apache Tomcat Maven Plugin</a>
+ project provides integration with Apache Maven.
+ There is also a tool called the Client Deployer, which can be
+ used from a command line and provides additional functionality
+ such as compiling and validating web applications as well as
+ packaging web application into web application resource (WAR)
+ files.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Installation"><strong>Installation</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ There is no installation required for static deployment of web
+ applications as this is provided out of the box by Tomcat. Nor is any
+ installation required for deployment functions with the Tomcat Manager,
+ although some configuration is required as detailed in the
+ <a href="manager-howto.html">Tomcat Manager manual</a>.
+ An installation is however required if you wish
+ to use the Tomcat Client Deployer (TCD).
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The TCD is not packaged with the Tomcat core
+ distribution, and must therefore be downloaded separately from
+ the Downloads area. The download is usually labelled
+ <i>apache-tomcat-7.0.x-deployer</i>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ TCD has prerequisites of Apache Ant 1.6.2+ and a Java installation.
+ Your environment should define an ANT_HOME environment value pointing to
+ the root of your Ant installation, and a JAVA_HOME value pointing to
+ your Java installation. Additionally, you should ensure Ant's ant
+ command, and the Java javac compiler command run from the command shell
+ that your operating system provides.
+ </p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Download the TCD distribution</li>
+ <li>
+ The TCD package need not be extracted into any existing Tomcat
+ installation, it can be extracted to any location.
+ </li>
+ <li>Read Using the <a href="#Deploying_using_the_Client_Deployer_Package">
+ Tomcat Client Deployer</a></li>
+ </ol>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="A word on Contexts"><!--()--></a><a name="A_word_on_Contexts"><strong>A word on Contexts</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ In talking about deployment of web applications, the concept of a
+ <i>Context</i> is required to be understood. A Context is what Tomcat
+ calls a web application.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In order to configure a Context within Tomcat a <i>Context Descriptor</i>
+ is required. A Context Descriptor is simply an XML file that contains
+ Tomcat related configuration for a Context, e.g naming resources or
+ session manager configuration. In earlier versions of
+ Tomcat the content of a Context Descriptor configuration was often stored within
+ Tomcat's primary configuration file <i>server.xml</i> but this is now
+ discouraged (although it currently still works).
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Context Descriptors not only help Tomcat to know how to configure
+ Contexts but other tools such as the Tomcat Manager and TCD often use
+ these Context Descriptors to perform their roles properly.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The locations for Context Descriptors are:
+ </p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/[enginename]/[hostname]/[webappname].xml</li>
+ <li>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/[webappname]/META-INF/context.xml</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+ Files in (1) are named [webappname].xml but files in (2) are named
+ context.xml. If a Context Descriptor is not provided for a Context,
+ Tomcat configures the Context using default values.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deployment on Tomcat startup"><!--()--></a><a name="Deployment_on_Tomcat_startup"><strong>Deployment on Tomcat startup</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ If you are not interested in using the Tomcat Manager, or TCD,
+ then you'll need to deploy your web applications
+ statically to Tomcat, followed by a Tomcat startup. The location you
+ deploy web applications to for this type of deployment is called the
+ <code>appBase</code> which is specified per Host. You either copy a
+ so-called <i>exploded web application</i>, i.e non-compressed, to this
+ location, or a compressed web application resource .WAR file.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The web applications present in the location specified by the Host's
+ (default Host is "localhost") <code>appBase</code> attribute (default
+ appBase is "$CATALINA_BASE/webapps") will be deployed on Tomcat startup
+ only if the Host's <code>deployOnStartup</code> attribute is "true".
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The following deployment sequence will occur on Tomcat startup in that
+ case:
+ </p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Any Context Descriptors will be deployed first.</li>
+ <li>
+ Exploded web applications not referenced by any Context
+ Descriptor will then be deployed. If they have an associated
+ .WAR file in the appBase and it is newer than the exploded web application,
+ the exploded directory will be removed and the webapp will be
+ redeployed from the .WAR
+ </li>
+ <li>.WAR files will be deployed</li>
+ </ol>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deploying on a running Tomcat server"><!--()--></a><a name="Deploying_on_a_running_Tomcat_server"><strong>Deploying on a running Tomcat server</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ It is possible to deploy web applications to a running Tomcat server.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ If the Host <code>autoDeploy</code> attribute is "true", the Host will
+ attempt to deploy and update web applications dynamically, as needed,
+ for example if a new .WAR is dropped into the <code>appBase</code>.
+ For this to work, the Host needs to have background processing
+ enabled which is the default configuration.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ <code>autoDeploy</code> set to "true" and a running Tomcat allows for:
+ </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Deployment of .WAR files copied into the Host <code>appBase</code>.</li>
+ <li>
+ Deployment of exploded web applications which are
+ copied into the Host <code>appBase</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Re-deployment of a web application which has already been deployed from
+ a .WAR when the new .WAR is provided. In this case the exploded
+ web application is removed, and the .WAR is expanded again.
+ Note that the explosion will not occur if the Host is configured
+ so that .WARs are not exploded with a <code>unpackWARs</code>
+ attribute set to "false", in which case the web application
+ will be simply redeployed as a compressed archive.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Re-loading of a web application if the /WEB-INF/web.xml file (or
+ any other resource defined as a WatchedResource) is updated.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Re-deployment of a web application if the Context Descriptor
+ file from which the web application has been deployed is
+ updated.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Re-deployment of dependent web applications if the global or
+ per-host Context Descriptor file used by the web application is
+ updated.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Re-deployment of a web application if a Context Descriptor file (with a
+ filename corresponding to the Context path of the previously deployed
+ web application) is added to the
+ <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/[enginename]/[hostname]/</code>
+ directory.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Undeployment of a web application if its document base (docBase)
+ is deleted. Note that on Windows, this assumes that anti-locking
+ features (see Context configuration) are enabled, otherwise it is not
+ possible to delete the resources of a running web application.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ Note that web application reloading can also be configured in the loader, in which
+ case loaded classes will be tracked for changes.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deploying using the Tomcat Manager"><!--()--></a><a name="Deploying_using_the_Tomcat_Manager"><strong>Deploying using the Tomcat Manager</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ The Tomcat Manager is covered in its <a href="manager-howto.html">own manual page</a>.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deploying using the Client Deployer Package"><!--()--></a><a name="Deploying_using_the_Client_Deployer_Package"><strong>Deploying using the Client Deployer Package</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
+ <p>
+ Finally, deployment of web application may be achieved using the
+ Tomcat Client Deployer. This is a package which can be used to
+ validate, compile, compress to .WAR, and deploy web applications to
+ production or development Tomcat servers. It should be noted that this feature
+ uses the Tomcat Manager and as such the target Tomcat server should be
+ running.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ It is assumed the user will be familiar with Apache Ant for using the TCD.
+ Apache Ant is a scripted build tool. The TCD comes pre-packaged with a
+ build script to use. Only a modest understanding of Apache Ant is
+ required (installation as listed earlier in this page, and familiarity
+ with using the operating system command shell and configuring
+ environment variables).
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The TCD includes Ant tasks, the Jasper page compiler for JSP compilation
+ before deployment, as well as a task which
+ validates the web application Context Descriptor. The validator task (class
+ <code>org.apache.catalina.ant.ValidatorTask</code>) allows only one parameter:
+ the base path of an exploded web application.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The TCD uses an exploded web application as input (see the list of the
+ properties used below). A web application that is programmatically
+ deployed with the deployer may include a Context Descriptor in
+ <code>/META-INF/context.xml</code>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The TCD includes a ready-to-use Ant script, with the following targets:
+ </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <code>compile</code> (default): Compile and validate the web
+ application. This can be used standalone, and does not need a running
+ Tomcat server. The compiled application will only run on the associated
+ <em>Tomcat X.Y.Z</em> server release, and is not guaranteed to work
+ on another Tomcat release, as the code generated by Jasper depends on its runtime
+ component. It should also be noted that this target will also compile
+ automatically any Java source file located in the
+ <code>/WEB-INF/classes</code> folder of the web application.</li>
+ <li>
+ <code>deploy</code>: Deploy a web application (compiled or not) to
+ a Tomcat server.
+ </li>
+ <li><code>undeploy</code>: Undeploy a web application</li>
+ <li><code>start</code>: Start web application</li>
+ <li><code>reload</code>: Reload web application</li>
+ <li><code>stop</code>: Stop web application</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ In order for the deployment to be configured, create a file
+ called <code>deployer.properties</code> in the TCD installation
+ directory root. In this file, add the following name=value pairs per
+ line:
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Additionally, you will need to ensure that a user has been
+ setup for the target Tomcat Manager (which TCD uses) otherwise the TCD
+ will not authenticate with the Tomcat Manager and the deployment will
+ fail. To do this, see the Tomcat Manager page.
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <code>build</code>: The build folder used will be, by default,
+ <code>${build}/webapp/${path}</code>. After the end of the execution
+ of the <code>compile</code> target, the web application .WAR will be
+ located at <code>${build}/webapp/${path}.war</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <code>webapp</code>: The directory containing the exploded web application
+ which will be compiled and validated. By default, the folder is
+ <code>myapp</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <code>path</code>: Deployed context path of the web application,
+ by default <code>/myapp</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <code>url</code>: Absolute URL to the Tomcat Manager web application of a
+ running Tomcat server, which will be used to deploy and undeploy the
+ web application. By default, the deployer will attempt to access
+ a Tomcat instance running on localhost, at
+ <code>http://localhost:8080/manager/text</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <code>username</code>: Tomcat Manager username (user should have a role of
+ manager-script)
+ </li>
+ <li><code>password</code>: Tomcat Manager password.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="noPrint"><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"></td><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="comments_section" id="comments_section"><strong>Comments</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
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