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刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]1<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><title>Application Developer's Guide (7.0.77) - Development Processes</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"><style type="text/css" media="print">
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79</style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="../images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]80 The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]81 " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.77, Mar 28 2017</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="../images/asf-logo.svg" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0" style="width: 266px;height: 83px;"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="../index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="index.html">App Dev Guide Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>Contents</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Contents</a></li><li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="installation.html">Installation</a></li><li><a href="deployment.html">Deployment</a></li><li><a href="source.html">Source Code</a></li><li><a href="processes.html">Processes</a></li><li><a href="sample/">Example App</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Development Processes</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]82<ul><li><a href="#Development_Processes">Development Processes</a><ol><li><a href="#One-Time_Setup_of_Ant_and_Tomcat_for_Development">One-Time Setup of Ant and Tomcat for Development</a></li><li><a href="#Create_Project_Source_Code_Directory">Create Project Source Code Directory</a></li><li><a href="#Edit_Source_Code_and_Pages">Edit Source Code and Pages</a></li><li><a href="#Build_the_Web_Application">Build the Web Application</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Your_Web_Application">Test Your Web Application</a></li><li><a href="#Creating_a_Release">Creating a Release</a></li></ol></li></ul>
83</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Development Processes"><!--()--></a><a name="Development_Processes"><strong>Development Processes</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
84
85<p>Although application development can take many forms, this manual proposes
86a fairly generic process for creating web applications using Tomcat. The
87following sections highlight the commands and tasks that you, as the developer
88of the code, will perform. The same basic approach works when you have
89multiple programmers involved, as long as you have an appropriate source code
90control system and internal team rules about who is working on what parts
91of the application at any given time.</p>
92
93<p>The task descriptions below assume that you will be using CVS for source
94code control, and that you have already configured access to the appropriate
95CVS repository. Instructions for doing this are beyond the scope of this
96manual. If you are using a different source code control environment, you
97will need to figure out the corresponding commands for your system.</p>
98
99
100<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="One-Time Setup of Ant and Tomcat for Development"><!--()--></a><a name="One-Time_Setup_of_Ant_and_Tomcat_for_Development"><strong>One-Time Setup of Ant and Tomcat for Development</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
101
102<p>In order to take advantage of the special Ant tasks that interact with the
103<em>Manager</em> web application, you need to perform the following tasks
104once (no matter how many web applications you plan to develop).</p>
105<ul>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]106<li><p><em>Configure the Ant custom tasks</em>. The implementation code for the
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]107 Ant custom tasks is in a JAR file named
108 <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib/catalina-ant.jar</code>, which must be
109 copied in to the <code>lib</code> directory of your Ant installation.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]110 </p></li>
111<li><p><em>Define one or more Tomcat users</em>. The <em>Manager</em> web
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]112 application runs under a security constraint that requires a user to be
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]113 logged in, and have the security role <code>manager-script</code> assigned
114 to him or her. How such users are defined depends on which Realm you have
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]115 configured in Tomcat's <code>conf/server.xml</code> file -- see the
116 <a href="../realm-howto.html">Realm Configuration HOW-TO</a> for more
117 information. You may define any number of users (with any username
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]118 and password that you like) with the <code>manager-script</code> role.
119 </p></li>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]120</ul>
121
122</blockquote></td></tr></table>
123
124
125<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Create Project Source Code Directory"><!--()--></a><a name="Create_Project_Source_Code_Directory"><strong>Create Project Source Code Directory</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
126
127<p>The first step is to create a new project source directory, and customize
128the <code>build.xml</code> and <code>build.properties</code> files you will
129be using. The directory structure is described in <a href="source.html">the
130previous section</a>, or you can use the
131<a href="sample/">sample application</a> as a starting point.</p>
132
133<p>Create your project source directory, and define it within your CVS
134repository. This might be done by a series of commands like this, where
135<code>{project}</code> is the name under which your project should be
136stored in the CVS repository, and {username} is your login username:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]137<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
138mkdir myapp &lt;-- Assumed "project source directory"
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]139cd myapp
140mkdir docs
141mkdir src
142mkdir web
143mkdir web/WEB-INF
144cvs import -m "Initial Project Creation" {project} \
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]145 {username} start</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]146
147<p>Now, to verify that it was created correctly in CVS, we will perform a
148checkout of the new project:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]149<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd ..
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]150mv myapp myapp.bu
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]151cvs checkout {project}</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]152
153<p>Next, you will need to create and check in an initial version of the
154<code>build.xml</code> script to be used for development. For getting
155started quickly and easily, base your <code>build.xml</code> on the
156<a href="build.xml.txt">basic build.xml file</a>, included with this manual,
157or code it from scratch.</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]158<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]159cd myapp
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]160emacs build.xml &lt;-- if you want a real editor :-)
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]161cvs add build.xml
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]162cvs commit</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]163
164<p>Until you perform the CVS commit, your changes are local to your own
165development directory. Committing makes those changes visible to other
166developers on your team that are sharing the same CVS repository.</p>
167
168<p>The next step is to customize the Ant <em>properties</em> that are
169named in the <code>build.xml</code> script. This is done by creating a
170file named <code>build.properties</code> in your project's top-level
171directory. The supported properties are listed in the comments inside
172the sample <code>build.xml</code> script. At a minimum, you will generally
173need to define the <code>catalina.home</code> property defining where
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]174Tomcat is installed, and the manager application username and password.
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]175You might end up with something like this:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]176<div class="codeBox"><pre><code># Context path to install this application on
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]177app.path=/hello
178
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]179# Tomcat 7 installation directory
180catalina.home=/usr/local/apache-tomcat-7.0
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]181
182# Manager webapp username and password
183manager.username=myusername
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]184manager.password=mypassword</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]185
186<p>In general, you will <strong>not</strong> want to check the
187<code>build.properties</code> file in to the CVS repository, because it
188is unique to each developer's environment.</p>
189
190<p>Now, create the initial version of the web application deployment
191descriptor. You can base <code>web.xml</code> on the
192<a href="web.xml.txt">basic web.xml file</a>, or code it from scratch.</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]193<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]194cd myapp/web/WEB-INF
195emacs web.xml
196cvs add web.xml
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]197cvs commit</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]198
199Note that this is only an example web.xml file. The full definition
200of the deployment descriptor file is in the
201<a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet Specification.</a>
202
203</blockquote></td></tr></table>
204
205
206<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Edit Source Code and Pages"><!--()--></a><a name="Edit_Source_Code_and_Pages"><strong>Edit Source Code and Pages</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
207
208<p>The edit/build/test tasks will generally be your most common activities
209during development and maintenance. The following general principles apply.
210As described in <a href="source.html">Source Organization</a>, newly created
211source files should be located in the appropriate subdirectory, under your
212project source directory.</p>
213
214<p>Whenever you wish to refresh your development directory to reflect the
215work performed by other developers, you will ask CVS to do it for you:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]216<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]217cd myapp
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]218cvs update -dP</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]219
220<p>To create a new file, go to the appropriate directory, create the file,
221and register it with CVS. When you are satisfied with it's contents (after
222building and testing is successful), commit the new file to the repository.
223For example, to create a new JSP page:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]224<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
225cd myapp/web &lt;-- Ultimate destination is document root
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]226emacs mypage.jsp
227cvs add mypage.jsp
228... build and test the application ...
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]229cvs commit</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]230
231<p>Java source code that is defined in packages must be organized in a
232directory hierarchy (under the <strong>src/</strong> subdirectory) that
233matches the package names. For example, a Java class named
234<code>com.mycompany.mypackage.MyClass.java</code> should be stored in file
235<code>src/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyClass.java</code>.
236Whenever you create a new subdirectory, don't forget to
237register it with CVS.</p>
238
239<p>To edit an existing source file, you will generally just start editing
240and testing, then commit the changed file when everything works. Although
241CVS can be configured to required you to "check out" or "lock" a file you
242are going to be modifying, this is generally not used.</p>
243
244</blockquote></td></tr></table>
245
246
247<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Build the Web Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Build_the_Web_Application"><strong>Build the Web Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
248
249<p>When you are ready to compile the application, issue the following
250commands (generally, you will want a shell window open that is set to
251the project source directory, so that only the last command is needed):</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]252<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
253cd myapp &lt;-- Normally leave a window open here
254ant</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]255
256<p>The Ant tool will be execute the default "compile" target in your
257<code>build.xml</code> file, which will compile any new or updated Java
258code. If this is the first time you compile after a "build clean",
259it will cause everything to be recompiled.</p>
260
261<p>To force the recompilation of your entire application, do this instead:</p>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]262<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>cd {my home directory}
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]263cd myapp
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]264ant all</code></pre></div>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]265
266<p>This is a very good habit immediately before checking in changes, to
267make sure that you have not introduced any subtle problems that Javac's
268conditional checking did not catch.</p>
269
270</blockquote></td></tr></table>
271
272
273<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Test Your Web Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Test_Your_Web_Application"><strong>Test Your Web Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
274
275<p>To test your application, you will want to install it under Tomcat. The
276quickest way to do that is to use the custom Ant tasks that are included in
277the sample <code>build.xml</code> script. Using these commands might follow
278a pattern like this:</p>
279<ul>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]280<li><p><em>Start Tomcat if needed</em>. If Tomcat is not already running,
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]281 you will need to start it in the usual way.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]282 </p></li>
283<li><p><em>Compile your application</em>. Use the <code>ant compile</code>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]284 command (or just <code>ant</code>, since this is the default). Make
285 sure that there are no compilation errors.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]286 </p></li>
287<li><p><em>Install the application</em>. Use the <code>ant install</code>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]288 command. This tells Tomcat to immediately start running your app on
289 the context path defined in the <code>app.path</code> build property.
290 Tomcat does <strong>NOT</strong> have to be restarted for this to
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]291 take effect.
292 </p></li>
293<li><p><em>Test the application</em>. Using your browser or other testing
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]294 tools, test the functionality of your application.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]295 </p></li>
296<li><p><em>Modify and rebuild as needed</em>. As you discover that changes
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]297 are required, make those changes in the original <strong>source</strong>
298 files, not in the output build directory, and re-issue the
299 <code>ant compile</code> command. This ensures that your changes will
300 be available to be saved (via <code>cvs commit</code>) later on --
301 the output build directory is deleted and recreated as necessary.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]302 </p></li>
303<li><p><em>Reload the application</em>. Tomcat will recognize changes in
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]304 JSP pages automatically, but it will continue to use the old versions
305 of any servlet or JavaBean classes until the application is reloaded.
306 You can trigger this by executing the <code>ant reload</code> command.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]307 </p></li>
308<li><p><em>Remove the application when you are done</em>. When you are through
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]309 working on this application, you can remove it from live execution by
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]310 running the <code>ant remove</code> command.
311 </p></li>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]312</ul>
313
314<p>Do not forget to commit your changes to the source code repository when
315you have completed your testing!</p>
316
317</blockquote></td></tr></table>
318
319
320<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Creating a Release"><!--()--></a><a name="Creating_a_Release"><strong>Creating a Release</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
321
322<p>When you are through adding new functionality, and you've tested everything
323(you DO test, don't you :-), it is time to create the distributable version
324of your web application that can be deployed on the production server. The
325following general steps are required:</p>
326<ul>
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]327<li><p>Issue the command <code>ant all</code> from the project source
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]328 directory, to rebuild everything from scratch one last time.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]329 </p></li>
330<li><p>Use the <code>cvs tag</code> command to create an identifier for
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]331 all of the source files utilized to create this release. This allows
332 you to reliably reconstruct a release (from sources) at a later
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]333 time.
334 </p></li>
335<li><p>Issue the command <code>ant dist</code> to create a distributable
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]336 web application archive (WAR) file, as well as a JAR file containing
337 the corresponding source code.
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]338 </p></li>
339<li><p>Package the contents of the <code>dist</code> directory using the
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]340 <strong>tar</strong> or <strong>zip</strong> utility, according to
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]341 the standard release procedures used by your organization.
342 </p></li>
Hongqing Liufd5ee812014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800[diff] [blame]343</ul>
344
345</blockquote></td></tr></table>
346
347
刘洪青6266f992017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800[diff] [blame^]348</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="noPrint"><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"></td><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="comments_section" id="comments_section"><strong>Comments</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
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