| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 1 | <html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><title>Application Developer's Guide (7.0.77) - Deployment</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"><style type="text/css" media="print">
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| 79 | </style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="../images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 80 | The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 81 | " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.77, Mar 28 2017</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="../images/asf-logo.svg" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0" style="width: 266px;height: 83px;"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="../index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="index.html">App Dev Guide Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>Contents</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Contents</a></li><li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="installation.html">Installation</a></li><li><a href="deployment.html">Deployment</a></li><li><a href="source.html">Source Code</a></li><li><a href="processes.html">Processes</a></li><li><a href="sample/">Example App</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Deployment</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 82 | <ul><li><a href="#Background">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Standard_Directory_Layout">Standard Directory Layout</a></li><li><a href="#Shared_Library_Files">Shared Library Files</a></li><li><a href="#Web_Application_Deployment_Descriptor">Web Application Deployment Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="#Tomcat_Context_Descriptor">Tomcat Context Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="#Deployment_With_Tomcat">Deployment With Tomcat</a></li></ul>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 83 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Background"><strong>Background</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 84 |
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| 85 | <p>Before describing how to organize your source code directories,
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| 86 | it is useful to examine the runtime organization of a web application.
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| 87 | Prior to the Servlet API Specification, version 2.2, there was little
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| 88 | consistency between server platforms. However, servers that conform
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| 89 | to the 2.2 (or later) specification are required to accept a
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| 90 | <em>Web Application Archive</em> in a standard format, which is discussed
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| 91 | further below.</p>
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| 92 |
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| 93 | <p>A web application is defined as a hierarchy of directories and files
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| 94 | in a standard layout. Such a hierarchy can be accessed in its "unpacked"
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| 95 | form, where each directory and file exists in the filesystem separately,
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| 96 | or in a "packed" form known as a Web ARchive, or WAR file. The former format
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| 97 | is more useful during development, while the latter is used when you
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| 98 | distribute your application to be installed.</p>
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| 99 |
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| 100 | <p>The top-level directory of your web application hierarchy is also the
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| 101 | <em>document root</em> of your application. Here, you will place the HTML
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| 102 | files and JSP pages that comprise your application's user interface. When the
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| 103 | system administrator deploys your application into a particular server, he
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| 104 | or she assigns a <em>context path</em> to your application (a later section
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| 105 | of this manual describes deployment on Tomcat). Thus, if the
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| 106 | system administrator assigns your application to the context path
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| 107 | <code>/catalog</code>, then a request URI referring to
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| 108 | <code>/catalog/index.html</code> will retrieve the <code>index.html</code>
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| 109 | file from your document root.</p>
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| 110 |
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| 111 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Standard Directory Layout"><!--()--></a><a name="Standard_Directory_Layout"><strong>Standard Directory Layout</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 112 |
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| 113 | <p>To facilitate creation of a Web Application Archive file in the required
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| 114 | format, it is convenient to arrange the "executable" files of your web
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| 115 | application (that is, the files that Tomcat actually uses when executing
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| 116 | your app) in the same organization as required by the WAR format itself.
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| 117 | To do this, you will end up with the following contents in your
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| 118 | application's "document root" directory:</p>
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| 119 | <ul>
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| 120 | <li><strong>*.html, *.jsp, etc.</strong> - The HTML and JSP pages, along
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| 121 | with other files that must be visible to the client browser (such as
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| 122 | JavaScript, stylesheet files, and images) for your application.
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| 123 | In larger applications you may choose to divide these files into
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| 124 | a subdirectory hierarchy, but for smaller apps, it is generally
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| 125 | much simpler to maintain only a single directory for these files.
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| 126 | <br><br></li>
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| 127 | <li><strong>/WEB-INF/web.xml</strong> - The <em>Web Application Deployment
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| 128 | Descriptor</em> for your application. This is an XML file describing
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| 129 | the servlets and other components that make up your application,
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| 130 | along with any initialization parameters and container-managed
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| 131 | security constraints that you want the server to enforce for you.
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| 132 | This file is discussed in more detail in the following subsection.
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| 133 | <br><br></li>
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| 134 | <li><strong>/WEB-INF/classes/</strong> - This directory contains any Java
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| 135 | class files (and associated resources) required for your application,
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| 136 | including both servlet and non-servlet classes, that are not combined
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| 137 | into JAR files. If your classes are organized into Java packages,
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| 138 | you must reflect this in the directory hierarchy under
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| 139 | <code>/WEB-INF/classes/</code>. For example, a Java class named
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| 140 | <code>com.mycompany.mypackage.MyServlet</code>
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| 141 | would need to be stored in a file named
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| 142 | <code>/WEB-INF/classes/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyServlet.class</code>.
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| 143 | <br><br></li>
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| 144 | <li><strong>/WEB-INF/lib/</strong> - This directory contains JAR files that
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| 145 | contain Java class files (and associated resources) required for your
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| 146 | application, such as third party class libraries or JDBC drivers.</li>
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| 147 | </ul>
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| 148 |
|
| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 149 | <p>When you install an application into Tomcat (or any other 2.2 or later
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| 150 | Servlet container), the classes in the <code>WEB-INF/classes/</code>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 151 | directory, as well as all classes in JAR files found in the
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| 152 | <code>WEB-INF/lib/</code> directory, are made visible to other classes
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| 153 | within your particular web application. Thus, if
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| 154 | you include all of the required library classes in one of these places (be
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| 155 | sure to check licenses for redistribution rights for any third party libraries
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| 156 | you utilize), you will simplify the installation of your web application --
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| 157 | no adjustment to the system class path (or installation of global library
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| 158 | files in your server) will be necessary.</p>
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| 159 |
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| 160 | <p>Much of this information was extracted from Chapter 9 of the Servlet
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| 161 | API Specification, version 2.3, which you should consult for more details.</p>
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| 162 |
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| 163 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Shared Library Files"><!--()--></a><a name="Shared_Library_Files"><strong>Shared Library Files</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 164 |
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 165 | <p>Like most servlet containers, Tomcat also supports mechanisms to install
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 166 | library JAR files (or unpacked classes) once, and make them visible to all
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| 167 | installed web applications (without having to be included inside the web
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| 168 | application itself). The details of how Tomcat locates and shares such
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| 169 | classes are described in the
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| 170 | <a href="../class-loader-howto.html">Class Loader HOW-TO</a> documentation.
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 171 | The location commonly used within a Tomcat installation for shared code is
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 172 | <strong>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</strong>. JAR files placed here are visible both to
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| 173 | web applications and internal Tomcat code. This is a good place to put JDBC
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| 174 | drivers that are required for both your application or internal Tomcat use
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| 175 | (such as for a JDBCRealm).</p>
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| 176 |
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 177 | <p>Out of the box, a standard Tomcat installation includes a variety
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 178 | of pre-installed shared library files, including:</p>
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| 179 | <ul>
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 180 | <li>The <em>Servlet 3.0</em> and <em>JSP 2.2</em> APIs that are fundamental
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 181 | to writing servlets and JavaServer Pages.<br><br></li>
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| 182 | </ul>
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| 183 |
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| 184 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Web Application Deployment Descriptor"><!--()--></a><a name="Web_Application_Deployment_Descriptor"><strong>Web Application Deployment Descriptor</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 185 |
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| 186 | <p>As mentioned above, the <code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file contains the
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| 187 | Web Application Deployment Descriptor for your application. As the filename
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| 188 | extension implies, this file is an XML document, and defines everything about
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| 189 | your application that a server needs to know (except the <em>context path</em>,
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| 190 | which is assigned by the system administrator when the application is
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| 191 | deployed).</p>
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| 192 |
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| 193 | <p>The complete syntax and semantics for the deployment descriptor is defined
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| 194 | in Chapter 13 of the Servlet API Specification, version 2.3. Over time, it
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| 195 | is expected that development tools will be provided that create and edit the
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| 196 | deployment descriptor for you. In the meantime, to provide a starting point,
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| Hongqing Liu | 7189829 | 2014-10-15 13:31:32 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 197 | a <a href="web.xml.txt" target="_blank">basic web.xml file</a>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 198 | is provided. This file includes comments that describe the purpose of each
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| 199 | included element.</p>
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| 200 |
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| 201 | <p><strong>NOTE</strong> - The Servlet Specification includes a Document
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| 202 | Type Descriptor (DTD) for the web application deployment descriptor, and
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 203 | Tomcat enforces the rules defined here when processing your application's
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 204 | <code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file. In particular, you <strong>must</strong>
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| 205 | enter your descriptor elements (such as <code><filter></code>,
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| 206 | <code><servlet></code>, and <code><servlet-mapping></code> in
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| 207 | the order defined by the DTD (see Section 13.3).</p>
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| 208 |
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| 209 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Tomcat Context Descriptor"><!--()--></a><a name="Tomcat_Context_Descriptor"><strong>Tomcat Context Descriptor</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| 210 |
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| 211 | <p>A /META-INF/context.xml file can be used to define Tomcat specific
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| 212 | configuration options, such as an access log, data sources, session manager
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| 213 | configuration and more. This XML file must contain one Context element, which
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| 214 | will be considered as if it was the child of the Host element corresponding
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| 215 | to the Host to which the web application is being deployed. The
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 216 | <a href="../config/context.html">Tomcat configuration documentation</a> contains
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 217 | information on the Context element.</p>
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| 218 |
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 219 | </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Deployment With Tomcat"><!--()--></a><a name="Deployment_With_Tomcat"><strong>Deployment With Tomcat</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 220 |
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 221 | <p><em>The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 222 | base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 223 | not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 224 | directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 225 | the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.</em></p>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 226 |
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| 227 | <p>In order to be executed, a web application must be deployed on
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| 228 | a servlet container. This is true even during development.
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 229 | We will describe using Tomcat to provide the execution environment.
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 230 | A web application can be deployed in Tomcat by one of the following
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| 231 | approaches:</p>
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| 232 | <ul>
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| 233 | <li><em>Copy unpacked directory hierarchy into a subdirectory in directory
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| 234 | <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/</code></em>. Tomcat will assign a
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| 235 | context path to your application based on the subdirectory name you
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| 236 | choose. We will use this technique in the <code>build.xml</code>
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| 237 | file that we construct, because it is the quickest and easiest approach
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| 238 | during development. Be sure to restart Tomcat after installing or
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| 239 | updating your application.
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| 240 | <br><br></li>
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| 241 | <li><em>Copy the web application archive file into directory
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| 242 | <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/</code></em>. When Tomcat is started, it will
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| 243 | automatically expand the web application archive file into its unpacked
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| 244 | form, and execute the application that way. This approach would typically
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| 245 | be used to install an additional application, provided by a third party
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| 246 | vendor or by your internal development staff, into an existing
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| 247 | Tomcat installation. <strong>NOTE</strong> - If you use this approach,
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| 248 | and wish to update your application later, you must both replace the
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| 249 | web application archive file <strong>AND</strong> delete the expanded
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| 250 | directory that Tomcat created, and then restart Tomcat, in order to reflect
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| 251 | your changes.
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| 252 | <br><br></li>
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 253 | <li><em>Use the Tomcat "Manager" web application to deploy and undeploy
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| 254 | web applications</em>. Tomcat includes a web application, deployed
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 255 | by default on context path <code>/manager</code>, that allows you to
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| 256 | deploy and undeploy applications on a running Tomcat server without
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 257 | restarting it. See <a href="../manager-howto.html">Manager App HOW-TO</a>
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 258 | for more information on using the Manager web application.<br><br></li>
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 259 | <li><em>Use "Manager" Ant Tasks In Your Build Script</em>. Tomcat
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 260 | includes a set of custom task definitions for the <code>Ant</code>
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| 261 | build tool that allow you to automate the execution of commands to the
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| 262 | "Manager" web application. These tasks are used in the Tomcat deployer.
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| 263 | <br><br></li>
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| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 264 | <li><em>Use the Tomcat Deployer</em>. Tomcat includes a packaged tool
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 265 | bundling the Ant tasks, and can be used to automatically precompile JSPs
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| 266 | which are part of the web application before deployment to the server.
|
| 267 | <br><br></li>
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| 268 | </ul>
|
| 269 |
|
| 270 | <p>Deploying your app on other servlet containers will be specific to each
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| 271 | container, but all containers compatible with the Servlet API Specification
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| 272 | (version 2.2 or later) are required to accept a web application archive file.
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| 273 | Note that other containers are <strong>NOT</strong> required to accept an
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| 274 | unpacked directory structure (as Tomcat does), or to provide mechanisms for
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| 275 | shared library files, but these features are commonly available.</p>
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| 276 |
|
| 刘洪青 | 6266f99 | 2017-05-15 21:21:03 +0800 | [diff] [blame^] | 277 | </blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="noPrint"><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"></td><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="comments_section" id="comments_section"><strong>Comments</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
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| 278 | on improving documentation for Apache Tomcat.<br><br>
|
| 279 | If you have trouble and need help, read
|
| 280 | <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/findhelp.html">Find Help</a> page
|
| 281 | and ask your question on the tomcat-users
|
| 282 | <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">mailing list</a>.
|
| 283 | Do not ask such questions here. This is not a Q&A section.<br><br>
|
| 284 | The Apache Comments System is explained <a href="../comments.html">here</a>.
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| 285 | Comments may be removed by our moderators if they are either
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| 286 | implemented or considered invalid/off-topic.</p><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
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| 287 | var comments_shortname = 'tomcat';
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| 288 | var comments_identifier = 'http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/appdev/deployment.html';
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| 289 | (function(w, d) {
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| 290 | if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "tomcat.apache.org") {
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| 291 | d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
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| 292 | var s = d.createElement('script');
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| 293 | s.type = 'text/javascript';
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| 294 | s.async = true;
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| 295 | s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
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| 297 | }
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| 298 | else {
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| 299 | d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><strong>Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/strong><\/div>');
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| 300 | }
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| 301 | })(window, document);
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| 302 | //--><!]]></script></blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><!--FOOTER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><!--PAGE FOOTER--><tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center"><font color="#525D76" size="-1"><em>
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| 303 | Copyright © 1999-2017, Apache Software Foundation
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| Hongqing Liu | fd5ee81 | 2014-05-10 16:32:51 +0800 | [diff] [blame] | 304 | </em></font></div></td></tr></table></body></html> |