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 </style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="./images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
       The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
     " border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.77, Mar 28 2017</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="./images/asf-logo.svg" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0" style="width: 266px;height: 83px;"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>User Guide</strong></p><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">6) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">7) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">8) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">9) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">10) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">11) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">12) SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">13) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">14) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">15) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptors-howto.html">16) MBeans Descriptors</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">17) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">18) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">19) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">20) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">21) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">22) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">23) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">24) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">25) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">26) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">27) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="security-howto.html">28) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="windows-service-howto.html">29) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="windows-auth-howto.html">30) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="jdbc-pool.html">31) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="web-socket-howto.html">32) WebSocket</a></li></ul><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="servletapi/index.html">Servlet Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="elapi/index.html">EL 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="websocketapi/index.html">WebSocket 1.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul><p><strong>Apache Tomcat Development</strong></p><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li><li><a href="tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Introduction</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
 <ul><li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#Terminology">Terminology</a></li><li><a href="#Directories_and_Files">Directories and Files</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_Tomcat">Configuring Tomcat</a></li><li><a href="#Where_to_Go_for_Help">Where to Go for Help</a></li></ul>
 </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Introduction"><strong>Introduction</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

 <p>For administrators and web developers alike, there are some important bits
 of information you should familiarize yourself with before starting out. This
 document serves as a brief introduction to some of the concepts and
 terminology behind the Tomcat container. As well, where to go when you need
 help.</p>

 </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Terminology"><strong>Terminology</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

 <p>In the course of reading these documents, you will run across a number of
 terms; some specific to Tomcat, and others defined by the
 <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet and
 JSP specifications</a>.</p>

 <ul>
 <li><strong>Context</strong> - In a nutshell, a Context is a
     web application.</li>
 <li><strong>Term2</strong> - This is it.</li>
 <li><strong>Term3</strong> - This is it!</li>
 </ul>

 </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Directories and Files"><!--()--></a><a name="Directories_and_Files"><strong>Directories and Files</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

 <p>Throughout the docs, you'll notice there are numerous references to
 <strong>$CATALINA_HOME</strong>. This represents the root of your Tomcat
 installation. When we say, "This information can be found in your
 $CATALINA_HOME/README.txt file" we mean to look at the README.txt file at the
 root of your Tomcat install. Optionally, Tomcat may be configured for multiple
 instances by defining <strong>$CATALINA_BASE</strong> for each instance. If
 multiple instances are not configured, <strong>$CATALINA_BASE</strong> is the
 same as <strong>$CATALINA_HOME</strong>.</p>

 <p>These are some of the key tomcat directories:</p>

 <ul>
 <li><strong>/bin</strong> - Startup, shutdown, and other scripts. The
     <code>*.sh</code> files (for Unix systems) are functional duplicates of
     the <code>*.bat</code> files (for Windows systems).  Since the Win32
     command-line lacks certain functionality, there are some additional
     files in here.</li>
 <li><strong>/conf</strong> - Configuration files and related DTDs.  The most
     important file in here is server.xml.  It is the main configuration file
     for the container.</li>
 <li><strong>/logs</strong> - Log files are here by default.</li>
 <li><strong>/webapps</strong> - This is where your webapps go.</li>
 </ul>

 </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Configuring Tomcat"><!--()--></a><a name="Configuring_Tomcat"><strong>Configuring Tomcat</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

 <p>This section will acquaint you with the basic information used during
 the configuration of the container.</p>

 <p>All of the information in the configuration files is read at startup,
 meaning that any change to the files necessitates a restart of the container.
 </p>

 </blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Where to Go for Help"><!--()--></a><a name="Where_to_Go_for_Help"><strong>Where to Go for Help</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

 <p>While we've done our best to ensure that these documents are clearly
 written and easy to understand, we may have missed something.  Provided
 below are various web sites and mailing lists in case you get stuck.</p>

 <p>As Tomcat 7 is a new release of Tomcat, keep in mind that some of the
 issues and solutions vary between the major versions of Tomcat (6.x versus
 7.x).  As you search around the web, there will be some documentation that
 is not relevant to Tomcat 7, but 6.x, 5.x or earlier versions.  Doing 3.x
 or 4.x things to 7 will probably not work in most cases as the server.xml
 files are very different.</p>

 <ul>
 <li>Current document - most documents will list potential hangups. Be sure
     to fully read the relevant documentation as it will save you much time
     and effort. There's nothing like scouring the web only to find out that
     the answer was right in front of you all along!</li>
 <li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">Tomcat FAQ</a></li>
 <li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/">Tomcat WIKI</a></li>
 <li>Tomcat FAQ at <a href="http://www.jguru.com/faq/home.jsp?topic=Tomcat">jGuru</a></li>
 <li>Tomcat mailing list archives - numerous sites archive the Tomcat mailing
     lists. Since the links change over time, clicking here will search
     <a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=tomcat+mailing+list+archives">Google</a>.
     </li>
 <li>The TOMCAT-USER mailing list, which you can subscribe to
     <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">here</a>. If you don't
     get a reply, then there's a good chance that your question was probably
     answered in the list archives or one of the FAQs.  Although questions
     about web application development in general are sometimes asked and
     answered, please focus your questions on Tomcat-specific issues.</li>
 <li>The TOMCAT-DEV mailing list, which you can subscribe to
     <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">here</a>.  This list is
     <strong>reserved</strong> for discussions about the development of Tomcat
     itself.  Questions about Tomcat configuration, and the problems you run
     into while developing and running applications, will normally be more
     appropriate on the TOMCAT-USER list instead.</li>
 </ul>

 <p>And, if you think something should be in the docs, by all means let us know
 on the TOMCAT-DEV list.</p>

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	</style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="./images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
	The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
	" border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.77, Mar 28 2017</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="./images/asf-logo.svg" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0" style="width: 266px;height: 83px;"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>User Guide</strong></p><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">6) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">7) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">8) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">9) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">10) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">11) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">12) SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">13) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">14) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">15) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptors-howto.html">16) MBeans Descriptors</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">17) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">18) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">19) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">20) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">21) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">22) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">23) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">24) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">25) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">26) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">27) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="security-howto.html">28) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="windows-service-howto.html">29) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="windows-auth-howto.html">30) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="jdbc-pool.html">31) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="web-socket-howto.html">32) WebSocket</a></li></ul><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="servletapi/index.html">Servlet Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="elapi/index.html">EL 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="websocketapi/index.html">WebSocket 1.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul><p><strong>Apache Tomcat Development</strong></p><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li><li><a href="tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Introduction</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
	<ul><li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#Terminology">Terminology</a></li><li><a href="#Directories_and_Files">Directories and Files</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_Tomcat">Configuring Tomcat</a></li><li><a href="#Where_to_Go_for_Help">Where to Go for Help</a></li></ul>
	</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Introduction"><strong>Introduction</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

	<p>For administrators and web developers alike, there are some important bits
	of information you should familiarize yourself with before starting out. This
	document serves as a brief introduction to some of the concepts and
	terminology behind the Tomcat container. As well, where to go when you need
	help.</p>

	</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Terminology"><strong>Terminology</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

	<p>In the course of reading these documents, you will run across a number of
	terms; some specific to Tomcat, and others defined by the
	<a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet and
	JSP specifications</a>.</p>

	<ul>
	<li><strong>Context</strong> - In a nutshell, a Context is a
	web application.</li>
	<li><strong>Term2</strong> - This is it.</li>
	<li><strong>Term3</strong> - This is it!</li>
	</ul>

	</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Directories and Files"><!--()--></a><a name="Directories_and_Files"><strong>Directories and Files</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

	<p>Throughout the docs, you'll notice there are numerous references to
	<strong>$CATALINA_HOME</strong>. This represents the root of your Tomcat
	installation. When we say, "This information can be found in your
	$CATALINA_HOME/README.txt file" we mean to look at the README.txt file at the
	root of your Tomcat install. Optionally, Tomcat may be configured for multiple
	instances by defining <strong>$CATALINA_BASE</strong> for each instance. If
	multiple instances are not configured, <strong>$CATALINA_BASE</strong> is the
	same as <strong>$CATALINA_HOME</strong>.</p>

	<p>These are some of the key tomcat directories:</p>

	<ul>
	<li><strong>/bin</strong> - Startup, shutdown, and other scripts. The
	<code>*.sh</code> files (for Unix systems) are functional duplicates of
	the <code>*.bat</code> files (for Windows systems). Since the Win32
	command-line lacks certain functionality, there are some additional
	files in here.</li>
	<li><strong>/conf</strong> - Configuration files and related DTDs. The most
	important file in here is server.xml. It is the main configuration file
	for the container.</li>
	<li><strong>/logs</strong> - Log files are here by default.</li>
	<li><strong>/webapps</strong> - This is where your webapps go.</li>
	</ul>

	</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Configuring Tomcat"><!--()--></a><a name="Configuring_Tomcat"><strong>Configuring Tomcat</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

	<p>This section will acquaint you with the basic information used during
	the configuration of the container.</p>

	<p>All of the information in the configuration files is read at startup,
	meaning that any change to the files necessitates a restart of the container.
	</p>

	</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Where to Go for Help"><!--()--></a><a name="Where_to_Go_for_Help"><strong>Where to Go for Help</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>

	<p>While we've done our best to ensure that these documents are clearly
	written and easy to understand, we may have missed something. Provided
	below are various web sites and mailing lists in case you get stuck.</p>

	<p>As Tomcat 7 is a new release of Tomcat, keep in mind that some of the
	issues and solutions vary between the major versions of Tomcat (6.x versus
	7.x). As you search around the web, there will be some documentation that
	is not relevant to Tomcat 7, but 6.x, 5.x or earlier versions. Doing 3.x
	or 4.x things to 7 will probably not work in most cases as the server.xml
	files are very different.</p>

	<ul>
	<li>Current document - most documents will list potential hangups. Be sure
	to fully read the relevant documentation as it will save you much time
	and effort. There's nothing like scouring the web only to find out that
	the answer was right in front of you all along!</li>
	<li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">Tomcat FAQ</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/">Tomcat WIKI</a></li>
	<li>Tomcat FAQ at <a href="http://www.jguru.com/faq/home.jsp?topic=Tomcat">jGuru</a></li>
	<li>Tomcat mailing list archives - numerous sites archive the Tomcat mailing
	lists. Since the links change over time, clicking here will search
	<a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=tomcat+mailing+list+archives">Google</a>.
	</li>
	<li>The TOMCAT-USER mailing list, which you can subscribe to
	<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">here</a>. If you don't
	get a reply, then there's a good chance that your question was probably
	answered in the list archives or one of the FAQs. Although questions
	about web application development in general are sometimes asked and
	answered, please focus your questions on Tomcat-specific issues.</li>
	<li>The TOMCAT-DEV mailing list, which you can subscribe to
	<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">here</a>. This list is
	<strong>reserved</strong> for discussions about the development of Tomcat
	itself. Questions about Tomcat configuration, and the problems you run
	into while developing and running applications, will normally be more
	appropriate on the TOMCAT-USER list instead.</li>
	</ul>

	<p>And, if you think something should be in the docs, by all means let us know
	on the TOMCAT-DEV list.</p>

	</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="noPrint"><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"></td><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="comments_section" id="comments_section"><strong>Comments</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
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